By adding the contentDescription attribute, we attach a label which enables TalkBack to describe the image. In this example, we create an ImageView using Kotlin code. The same principle applies to an ImageView created programmatically. TalkBack will always tell the user what kind of user-interface element has been found. Please note that you do not have to mention the element type in the description for example, “Photo of a finger”. In our example, the actual text is a localised string, which will be fetched from the string.xml file to support multiple languages. By adding the following line of code, TalkBack can offer a description of the image. As there is no text to describe the image, TalkBack will ignore the image. If the TalkBack cursor hits this image, TalkBack will try to figure out what to tell the user. These XML layout code lines generate an ImageView to be loaded with the content of an image file. The most basic application scenario for an accessibility attribute is the labelling of an image. Please refer to Google’s documentation to see how to make an app accessible. Please note that this chapter is not a substitute for a complete programming course for Android apps. We are using API level 31 for Android 12, which was the latest API level at the time this course was created. In the next section, we will see a brief example of how to make an app accessible. In this case, the screen reader reads the content descriptions of the graphical user-interface elements. If you don’t know what a screen reader is, you can learn more about it in the Screen readers – Android chapter.Ī screen reader reads text aloud to the user, but what if the text on the screen is not enough to make the app usable? There might also be buttons or images, which would require alternative descriptions. A screen reader is designed for users with visual impairments. TalkBack is a screen reader built into Android. As TalkBack requires more precautions by a developer, we will focus in the following sections on how to improve accessibility for TalkBack. These are also requirements for TalkBack. The problem can be solved by implementing an additional click handler. If an app implements a book reader and pages can only be turned by swiping, a user using Switch Access will not be able to turn the pages. Make sure views that require gestures can also be properly navigated to without using the required gesture. Otherwise, a user cannot operate this element. Switch Access requires that all elements for user interaction are focusable. Switch Access scans the items on your screen, highlighting each one in turn until you make a selection. It can be helpful for people who have impaired dexterity that prevents them from interacting directly with the Android device. Switch Access lets you interact with your Android device using one or more switches instead of the touchscreen. There are two exceptions: TalkBack and Switch Access. If these features are new to you, please consult the Assistive technology – Android chapter. These are Magnification, Display accommodations including colour correction and colour inversion, Select to Speak, Voice Access and Audio and media settings. They are implemented at the operating-system level. Many features work out of the box without changing a single line of program code. In general, a developer does not need to do much to make an app accessible. They offer the best integration with Android. Even though other companies offer different solutions, the majority of native apps are programmed using these languages and tools. Android Studio is available for Windows, macOS and Linux. Google’s development environment is called Android Studio. Native Android apps are typically programmed in the programming languages Java or Kotlin.
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